It delivers an electric shock aimed at temporarily disrupting muscle. Day 1 Tazer was married and tire size was set and TPMS limits were adjusted then Tazer was unplugged After tender, resting voltage 13. That may sound like a lot , but keep in mind that voltage alone doesn’t necessarily make something dangerous- amperage plays just as big of a role. The Cattle Prod delivers from about 1,500 volts to 10,000 volts. The higher voltage makes it more effective in discharging electricity, while the higher amps make it more effective in terms of current flow. The high voltage is necessary to penetrate clothing and skin, while the low amperage prevents it from causing serious injury. Stun guns are close proximity self defense devices that use. Stun Guns. VIPERTEK. That’s what makes the crackling sound well-known to tasers. Handheld tasers are the most popular type of self-defense device. Illinois: In order to possess a stun gun, an individual must have a valid FOID card, as is currently required for firearms. After learning that over 18,000 Americans have died in a single year due to assault, having an effective self-defense tool is vital. item 6 Guard Dog Security 1130998 Disabler Pink High Voltage LED Flashlight Stun Gun VG Guard Dog Security 1130998 Disabler Pink High Voltage LED Flashlight Stun Gun VG. WEIHAI Low Temperature Candles Low Heat Candles Romantic Wax Play Candles for Lovers Couples Wedding. The majority of their stun guns range in voltage from 30 billion upwards to 58 billion. While this sounds impressive, voltage measures the force of the electrical current, which does not indicate the pain induced to the target. The Vipertek VTS-989 is one of the most widely recommended stun guns on the market and our previous favorite. J&L Self Defense Products. 800. The higher the uC rating, the more charge is being delivered to the target. Voltage in Tasers. A microcoulomb is a measure of electrical quantity; the millionth part of one coulomb. The average static electric shock is 20,000 volts. Self-defense stun guns are devices that shoot out two-barbed prongs that stick in the target’s skin and taser them. The type of current: Alternating current (AC) is more dangerous than direct current (DC), because AC can cause the muscles to contract and prevent the. We had 400,000 then 500,000 and even a 775,000-volt stun gun. This Sabre stun gun offers many attributes that are vital for using a stun gun as a self-defense choice. 1: (a) DC voltage and current are constant in time, once the current is established. 002 amperes). * 50,000 volts - TASER ® POLICE STUN GUNS The best stun device on the market is the TASER. For. But this stun gun, which is one of the smallest in the world is not much bigger than a pepper spray and weighs only two ounces. The batteries supply electricity to a circuit consisting of various electrical components. However, this high voltage shouldn't be confused with lethality. Built for close-range encounters. Behind the curtain of what makes the TASER Bolt 2 the industry’s newest and smartest non-lethal personal safety device. Electroshock weapon. At most a spark gap on these things is an inch, which means a limit of about 75kV. Hydro would be the most viable and cheapest option for a fence close to you. Item Package Dimensions L x W x H 9. $17. 2. 3. Free shipping. Tasers have become an essential tool for police, but how effective are they? An APM Reports investigation finds that officers in some big cities rated Tasers as unreliable up to 40 percent of the time, and in three large departments, newer models were less effective than older ones. 30,000 is the maximum voltage that could jump across stun gun contacts spaced one centimeter apart. Tasers in New Jersey can only be used for self-defense purposes. With the average lethal amount of milliamps being 100, a taser has far below a dangerous level. “The higher the μC value, the more it hurts. September 12, 2022. Stun guns are considered dangerous weapons in most states and as such, there are laws governing their ownership and use. Microcoulombs (µC) SABRE 2-In-1 Stun Gun with LED Flashlight and Wrist Strap. A taser is a single shot device that requires skill and accuracy to use. The maximum size allowed for a taser is 3/4 of an ounce. Good to Go. The darts can penetrate clothing and, once they make contact with the target, deliver the electric shock, which disrupts the. Adjustable Focus LED Metal Flashlight Rechargeable Stun Gun (8810 Type). Key Features: Dimensions 6” x 3. • The Current Metering technology is designed to deliver optimal charge. However, it’s important to note that voltage is not the only factor that determines the effectiveness of a taser. Estos dispositivos emiten una descarga eléctrica de alto voltaje, típicamente entre 50,000 y 70,000 voltios. Tasers send a pulse with 50,000 volts and a few milliamps. Jun 15, 2007 #16SPECIFICATIONS: The TASER StrikeLight 2 is a powerful 700 lumen flashlight with rechargeable capabilities. According to experts: 30,000 is the maximum voltage that could jump across stun gun contacts spaced one centimeter apart. Average resistance of human body (dry) 100,000 ohms. Since current is defined as (change in charge)/ (change in time), we can state this as 1. We had 400,000 then 500,000 and even a 775,000-volt stun gun. “There’s a minimally elevated risk for people with. Discover the legal status of stun guns and tasers in Canada for self-defense. Capture point-of-view video evidence in HD with a 120-degree field of view. Pulse voltage measurement techniques include crest voltmeters, voltage dividers, capacitive probes, electro-optical transducers, and reflection attenuators. The Variable Focus Stun Gun has 1. 2. As soon as there is even a slight load (like a human body) the output voltage will decrease massively. A typical TASER device can operate with a peak voltage of 50 kilo Volts (1200 Volts to the body), an electric current of 1. TASER Pulse Laser Light, 15 Ft Part 2. 5 MV. If you are short does this mean your cock is tall. While the voltage is high, the current or amperage delivered is low, usually below 3 milliamperes. Stun Guns. This “effective voltage” is the RMS or root-mean-square value of the AC waveform. 1mA (0. Do Not Measure Here Remember, the voltage is measured where the spark actually jumps, not from the forward electrodes. $3 High voltage taser . Illinois: In order to possess a stun gun, an individual must have a valid FOID card, as is currently required for firearms. A more accurate measure of a stun gun's effectiveness is its charge, which is described in microcoulombs (uC). They are compact and sometimes made to resemble other objects so they can be inconspicuous. Science Physics A stun gun or TASER is designed to put out a few seconds worth of electric pulses that impress a voltage of about 1200 V across the human body. The stun gun produces a high voltage in excess of 6,000,000 volts and low amperage of 2,000,000 amps. 4. According to the National Institute of Justice, stun guns that emit 1 µC or more produce ‘unbearable pain’ (when used on most sober, emotionally stable people). Electric Circuits: Audio Guided Solution Problem 9: A stun gun or TASER is designed to put out a few seconds worth of electric pulses that impress a voltage of about 1200 V across the human body. A microcoulomb is a measure of electrical quantity; the millionth part of one coulomb. . Pepper sprays are generally smaller and weigh less than stun guns. So the jolt from a Òmillion voltÓ stun gun feels just about the same as one from a Ò500,000. A cattle prod only causes pain, it does not significantly affect the muscles and nervous system of the body. 07 volts (this the electrical charge difference between the inside of the cell, separated by the cell membrane. REVIEWS. It doesn't actually make a whole lot of sense to measure a stun guns output voltage. Maximum electric field (E max) refers to the potential electric energy that can occupy a physical space. Streetwise™ Pain Pen 6" Rechargeable Stun Gun Pen 25M. Something went wrong. Laws around stun guns: The last thing we want is for you to get in trouble! In the United States, you’re not allowed to possess a stun gun as a civilian in RI. Tasers may be designed for individual or multiple shots at different levels. Wartenburg Neuro Pinwheel. FREE Returns . 03 amps. Taser X26C Digital Power Magazine ; Features : Taser X2 right- and left-handed holster : Taser X26P right- and left-handed holster : A lithium energy cell power supply system for the X2 and X26P : A lithium cell power supply with an integrated memory chip that records vital dataStun guns require physical contact on the assailant, typically within arm’s length distance. They have a ground wire that can redirect dangerous currents to the earth if a malfunction occurs. These two devices differ mainly in voltage. Lakeland police are using 7-year-old devices. The highest-voltage stun gun typically has. Usually closer to 50kV. Some dropped from an HVLT score of 26—which is above the national average—to a score of 20 or below after being Tased. The voltage of a Taser varies depending on its model and manufacturer, but most Tasers range between 50, 000 and 80, 000 volts. Two cartridge types for Close Quarters and Stand-off situations, with dual laser including range adjusting lower laser. High voltage (more than 500 V) can cause deep burns, nerve damage, cardiac arrest, and death. Vipertek VTS-989 – 58,000 volts Sabre S-1005 – 1,000,000 volts Guard Dog Security Hornet – 6,000,000 volts It is essential to note that the voltage listed above. Fast forward to 1993, two brothers, Tom and Rick Smith, were looking to develop an alternative method of self defense after their high school friends were gunned down in a road rage incident. “Cardiac Stimulation with High Voltage Discharge from Stun Guns,. As the above discussed example, if we have a sine wave with 340 Volts maximum (peak) voltage, then the average voltage value can be found in analytical method is given below. You will notice that the 9v battery can easily piece together with the terminal. Product information . Most stun guns use a rechargeable battery and don't use projectiles. 1. 637 × maximum or peak value, Vpk. What causes the paralyzation by Tasers is the amperage or current. Some users need a stun gun that doesn’t draw attention and is easily. 3 Stars, 0 product ratings 0. A cattle prod, also called a stock prod or a hot stick, is a handheld device commonly used to make cattle or other livestock move by striking or poking them. FREE delivery Mon, Nov 27 on $35 of items shipped by Amazon. Download: free Website: Thingiverse. Feel safe and secure on the go with help from the Guard Dog Security Sidekick Stun Gun. Legality Warnings FCC Compliance Statement Standard Stun Gun. The Compact Stun Gun has 7. This stun gun device was designed for convenience and protection in everyday situations. Value. A few weeks after joining Axon in early 2019, industrial designer Mark Eastwood stood on a collection of foam mats in the atrium of the company’s Scottsdale, Arizona headquarters. 5 amperes. 3. 6mA average current (0. The possibility of heart damage. voltage, (2) stimulation (stim) voltage, and (3) output charge. The Tasers made for personal use have a range of only 15 feet, and each cartridge is serializedFigure 23. Make sure that you push it all the way in. Worldwide, TASERs are currently used by more than 9,100 law enforcement agen-cies and owned by more than 115,000 private citizens. 5 Stars, 11 product ratings 11. 0036 Amps) The X26 output is 2. Pulse voltage measurement techniques include crest voltmeters, voltage dividers, capacitive probes, electro-optical transducers, and reflection attenuators. 3000 - 5000. 75 Million volts of stopping power!. It covers a variety of TASER products and includes TASER training tips and news articles. That’s why when a 50,000 peak voltage stun gun comes in contact with a person the delivered volts is an. An outside source hooked up to a transformer powers the whole system. 5. 707V 0. The actual voltage physically possible is just 30,000 volts for contacts spaced 0. Typically, the shock from an AED uses about. Our POLICE 928 stun gun flashlight is convenient size: 6. (Industry's Highest Pain-Inducing Stun Gun) What is the voltage on a police taser? - Quora. 4. There should be a paper or sticker wrapping around it so you might want to get it off first. The amount of voltage generated by the static shock varies on the method used to obtain the static shock and the materials used. People call stun guns "tasers" but they are not a TASER as the word is a specific brand. Stun Gun30,000 is the maximum voltage that could jump across stun gun contacts spaced one centimeter apart. On average, this gun-like device can stun at a distance of 15 feet, lasting between five to 30 seconds. The stun gun is convenient to carry around with you wherever you go, which is not the case with a Taser. One final comment about the average value of the voltage and its RMS value. This results in an average current of approximately 3 mA into a human body. The shock can only be applied at close. However, Taser-related fatalities are statistically uncommon. That’s why they are considered safe even though they hurt like hell and even temporarily. That may sound like a lot , but keep in mind that voltage alone doesn’t necessarily make something dangerous- amperage plays just as big of a role. The duration of the shock, the number of shocks. Stun guns need far less than millions of volts to create this level of µC. This calculation gives a measure of the intensity of a waveform and provides a means to. ” Sabre. Tasers fire small dart-like electrodes that can deliver a high-voltage shock to disable temporarily a suspect and allow officers to deal with violent, or potentially violent, people at a distance. A stun gun keys into the nervous system and dumps its energy into the muscles at a high frequency that makes the muscles work very rapidly. Average Lead Time: Peak Season Lead. 03% of the modern tasers voltage) Jack Cover, a NASA researcher, began. The Philips HeartStart FRx and Defibtech Lifeline —both of which use a biphasic truncated exponential (impedance compensated) waveform—deliver a nominal amount of energy equal to 150 J for adults with 50 Ω of impedance and 50 J nominal delivered energy for children with 50 Ω of impedance. That’s why when a 50,000 peak voltage stun gun comes in contact with a person the delivered volts is. Add to cart. When deploying a stun gun, the two probes must enter the target’s skin. "Most studies have shown that 50,000 volts, the voltage seen on most commercial Tasers, is safe to the heart," he said. However, TASERs can lead to ventricular fibrillation, even with their small amp rating. 99. Shop TASER products designed for personal and home use. manufacturing facility in Scottsdale, Arizona, U. Typical Voltage Range. * 50,000 volts - TASER ® POLICE STUN GUNS The best stun device on the market is the TASER. Self-defense stun guns are devices that shoot out two-barbed prongs that stick in the target’s skin and taser them. So it’s really not that the voltage was high enough, but the current was too low, its that the voltage drops because the taser can’t deliver enough current to sustain its voltage. SABRE Pepper Spray, Quick Release Keychain for Easy Carry and Fast Access, Finger Grip for More Accurate and Faster Aim, Maximum Police Strength OC Spray, 25 Bursts, Secure and Easy to Use Safety. (More in description) In this tutorial, I will teach you how to build a taser completely from scratch. on average, less than one hour. The high voltage ensures that the pulse reaches its target, and the low amperage keeps the Taser from causing any lasting damage. Avoid dropping and do not use a device that has visible damage. The use of stun guns, such as the Taser® and other Taser® devices, can help you defend yourself. Stun guns work by pressing a pair of electrodes against the victim in order to create an electric circuit. This is the brand's most popular civilian model, the Pulse+, bundled with an additional 2 cartridges. That distance is far enough to keep them safe and close enough to take down even the largest opponent. Taser was introduced into UK policing in 2003 to bridge the operational gap between use of incapacitant sprays and firearms. 2 4. 5 Answers. 9 million volts do to a person?Probes Discharged The Taser trigger is pulled resulting in the cartridge firing and discharging the two probes, which are connected to the Taser device by thin, high voltage insulated wire. This post is an interesting look at the situation. manufacturing facility in Scottsdale, Arizona, U. taser. The higher the μC value, the more it hurts. Ideal for small agencies. 9. Voltage . 5 volts in a AA battery or the 115 volts in a. The TASER Pulse and the TASER Bolt both have the same knock-down power and incapacitating effectiveness and only differ in form factor. If you want to upgrade to a more powerful, long range device, it's practically impossible unless you have a physics lab with extensive measuring equipment. The maximum voltage permitted by standard stun guns. The relatively low amperage of a stun gun is plenty strong enough to deliver a painful shock that will knock back an attacker. A shorter waterfall would be equivalent to a smaller voltage. All of this form and function doesn’t come cheap. The taser fires 2 probes up to distance of 21 feet and transmits a pulse of energy thro RM GBWW2N – A police officer aims a Taser X26 using the red laser dot, but without the front cartrige fitted and the light turned on I n general, stun guns deliver between 2. TASER 10 is a giant leap toward Axon’s collective moonshot effort to cut gun-related deaths between police and the public by 50% in 10 years. Combo Gift Set Rechargeable Stun Gun Spray With LED Light -. The voltage of a taser can vary depending on the model. For peace of mind, go for a stun gun that gives off a higher amount of voltage. ITEM# 26051 - Yellow TASER® X26 Refurbished Law Enforcement Model PRICE: $599. And it’s not what matters most when it. On average, Tasers are used 904 times per day worldwide, or about once every two minutes, the company says, and law enforcement officers have deployed the stun guns more than 3 million times in. TASER Pulse Laser Light, 15 Ft. Specifications for pulse rate and average main phase current are provided for two battery types, alkaline and Stun guns are designed to deliver high voltage (25 000–100 000 kV), low amperage (<4. The 1993 revision, 1 however, relaxes the limit to 300 μA under single-fault conditions. In stock $ 24 95. Unlike stun guns, this unit shoots barbed projectiles up to 15 feet away to keep attackers from getting close, similar to a TASER used by a police officer. Form factor is defined as being the shape of an AC waveform and is the. The higher the uC rating, the more charge is being delivered to the target. The voltage may seem high, but the amperage on both systems is well below safe limits. Using these figures, estimate the resistance of the human body. How Do Stun Guns Work? Stun guns are non-lethal weapons that use electrical current to incapacitate a person. The frequencies and peak voltages of AC sources differ greatly. A Mace® Brand stun gun is typically less than $50, while a taser is close to $300 depending on the brand of choice. The amperage is tied to the voltage. TASER Pulse Laser Light, 15 Ft. Law-enforcement personnel typically use these devices to subdue criminal suspects who try to evade or resist arrest. 1 mA1. Police stun guns or tasers range can cost around $400 or cost as much as $1,500 for professional models used by law enforcement. It generally does not inflict permanent physical damage on normal or healthy human beings. These two devices differ mainly in voltage. The Cattle Prod is primarily to shock someone or some animal, as the case may be. There are a multitude of stun guns for sale which market volts. Stun. 65 12. In this article, we will take a closer look at the science behind tasers and answer the question of how many volts they contain. Alarm is 95 dB to alert others or scare off attacker. 54 inches : Package Weight 0. However, the exact voltage of a Taser can vary depending on the specific model and manufacturer. Using these figures, estimate the resistance of the human body. On average, this gun-like device can stun at a distance of 15 feet, lasting between five to 30 seconds. It’s the most reliable stun gun on the market, and an option definitely worth considering! The X26 has an amperage of 2. A Keychain stun gun is a non-lethal defense keychain built to render an attacker immobile. However, if you are not very comfortable using a taser with that much voltage, there are several smaller, weaker options available on the market. The average stun gun volt strength is anywhere from 80,00 to 300,000 volts. An electric cattle prod is a stick with electrodes on the end which is used to make cattle move via a relatively high-voltage, low-current electric shock. A maximum stun gun volt average runs between one and two million volts. DETAILS & SPECS. They are designed to keep pulsing for five seconds unless the operator manually stops them. You might want to keep the film so you don't lose your precious memories. (b) A graph of voltage and current versus time for 60-Hz AC power. 3536 x IP-P. The replies to this post are, as usual, largely incorrect. 1 offer from $16. They release about 1,200 volts. Three taser circuits exist, multiplier, spark gap, and thyristor. If the officer has an X26 model, the taser will produce 2. 6 microcoulombs, the highest microcoulomb rating in all of the Mace Brand stun guns. The voltage may seem high, but the amperage on both systems is well below safe limits. The average stun gun voltage is about 25,000 volts, but the best stun gun range. Holster may not be durable for heavy wear and tear. How Do Volts And Amps Affect The Effectiveness Of A Stun Gun? The combination of volts and amps determines the effectiveness of a stun gun. 0 micro coulombs. Media coverage of the stun guns has tended to highlight the 50,000 volts that propel the Taser’s electricity. It uses lasers to form an electrically conductive laser-induced plasma channel (LIPC). We would like to show you a description here but the site won’t allow us. Advertisement. 00. The seller must also keep a record of sale for ten years, the same requirements for firearms sales. Generally, stun guns range from 0. voltage levels typical of the M26. 1K+ bought in past month. 57 reviews. Stun guns are a direct contact device that emits a high pulse frequency to restrict movement. Handheld conducted electrical weapons (CEWs) have been used 3. Any claimed voltage greater violates the laws of physics. Raysun X-1, a multi-purpose handheld weapon. The best way to create a homemade microwave weapon is with an old microwave. The Taser, which is a non-lethal weapon, uses compressed nitrogen to project two probes up to 15 feet and at a speed of 180 feet per second when fired. Our shields come in a variety of shapes, sizes and capabilities. 67 12. A stun gun or TASER is designed to put out a few seconds worth of electric pulses that impress a voltage of about 1200 V across the human body. The M26 takes 8 AA batteries. 2003. The Fang stun gun is a popular self. 0012 amps. While TASER ® law enforcement laws are nearly universal and lenient, personal TASER laws vary significantly from state to state. The average power isverylow, as to not 'kill' the victim, and the pulses are very short to prevent burning. The TASER Pulse+ is the only proper TASER gun on our list. 0 average based on 1 product rating. 5 4. This gives manufacturers the opportunity to make outrageous voltage claims when marketing their products. Media coverage of the stun guns has tended to highlight the 50,000 volts that propel the Taser’s electricity. According to a study conducted by the National Institute of Justice, stun guns have an average success rate of 86% in disabling attackers when used appropriately. The average pulse voltage—which is what leads to stimulation—is actually about 600 V. 95. $39. ), voltage capacity, effective range, and whether you prefer a single or dual cartridges. 48 microcoulombs. You really don’t need more than that, but 50,000 volts in the police grade taser ensures it will get through just about anything. "The magnitude of the electric field for which dielectric breakdown. 6mA average current (0. 1mA (0. SCOTTSDALE, Ariz. The peak current of about 3 amperes is far less than that of a strong static electricity shock, which can be as high as 37. 99. Handheld Tasers. 637. The energy available is approximately Voltage x Charge. What is the voltage on a police taser? - Quora. 7 running idle and no ramped voltage About an hour or so coming off charger resting voltages are: 12. It’s incredibly powerful with a voltage of 300 million, making it the strongest stun gun on this list. They are designed to keep pulsing for five seconds unless the operator manually stops them. That means you get 50 one-second pulses, 25 two-second. The voltage is high,. But it also has both a safety cap and on/ off switch to help save you from accidentally discharging the stun gun. Un taser es un arma no letal que utiliza un choque eléctrico para incapacitar temporalmente a una persona. 1 users rated this 4 out of 5 stars 1. The voltage will generally range from 50,000 volts on the low end, up to as much as 80,000,000 or more volts. An individual unit of taser costs between $450 to $1,000 on average and tops out at around $2,000. The amperage is tied to the voltage. The person would most definitely feel the effect of the electric shock, but there is no real damage done. The price range for tasers and stun guns are drastically different. GameStop Moderna Pfizer Johnson & Johnson AstraZeneca Walgreens Best Buy Novavax SpaceX Tesla. The Flash Stun Gun reports around 2. Deep finger indentations along the handle are molded to fit your fingers and provide an ergonomically firm grip on the device. com. And here’s the pattern indoors at around 8 feet…note that it’s rectangular in shape, but once you’re out to 15 feet, you won’t notice. All other states permit stun guns to an extent. 6mA average current (0. However, to prevent any serious injury to a target, a police taser’s cartridge is only capable of. The taser is one of the most popular stun guns on the market. The voltage from a police stun gun can cause acute pain, and in some cases, momentarily stun an individual, leaving them disoriented. The average static electric shock is 20,000 volts. Here's the extremely short answer. 20 New. Axon Flex 2. Type of Taser Circuit. This may sound impressive, but the truth is that. The higher the voltage, the more effective the stun gun. Make sure that you follow the instructions carefully. So whereas a traditional stun gun will need to be used face to face with an assailant, a TASER® can be. — Axon recently announced the release of TASER 10, marking the unveiling of its first product following their announcement of a "moonshot" goal to help cut. The voltage may seem high, but the amperage on both systems is well below safe limits. Meaning, the stun gun is more likely to drop an attacker. 1” x 1. The higher the μC value, the more it hurts. With a full charge, this device is capable of providing up to 5 hours of light and 100 5-second stun cycles. You don't want to shock yourself. 4 x AA Batteries . With a quick search you’ll even come across stun guns with volts in the millions such as this stun gun which is one of our favorites. VRMS = 0. 0021 Amps). ago. A maximum stun gun volt average runs between one and two million volts. Once that has been accomplished, the voltage drops to a level that is sufficient to ma Compact stun guns that deliver under 100,000 volts can be found for less than $20. [3] The average current from the TASER X26 is approximately 2 milliamperes (0. However, the exact voltage of a Taser can vary depending on the specific model and manufacturer. Capacitors inside the taser increase the voltage, which then sends electricity to two taser barbs in the front of the taser. Because the body has a minimum resistance of around 550 ohms, to get enough current to do damage a minimum theoretical voltage level of around 16. Minimum Recommended Voltage Per 5 Meter Perimeter. The taser fires 2 probes up to distance of 21 feet and transmits a pulse of energy thro RM GBWW2N – A police officer aims a Taser X26 using the red laser dot, but without the front cartrige fitted and the light turned onI n general, stun guns deliver between 2. Additionally, toasting six slices of bread takes about 12 minutes. 99 and is available for order and immediate shipping on March 15, 2022. Taser, handheld device that incapacitates a person by transmitting a 50,000-volt electric shock. The voltage of a taser will collapse once it is loaded by a person. Stun guns make your muscles seize up like a Charley horse. Drive the future of in-car video.